Applied R\&D (AR) consists of target-oriented development and/or testing either with the goal of solving a particular problem / answering a specific question. This is done by multi-discipline design, development, and/or implementation of hardware, software, testing of systems, including maintenance support. AR work is characterised by its detailed and complex nature in order to systematically combine existing knowledge and practices to further developing and incrementally improving products, operational processes, and customer-specific feature development.

Test engineering comprises the definition, specification, and allocation of requirements from different sources utilising knowledge of systems engineering processes (specification \& architecture). It contains processing of use case and feature requirements into operational scenarios and functional descriptions that can be tested.

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